equal to 1
less than 1
greater than 1
zero
load stress + warping stress frictional stress
load stress + warping stress + frictional stress
load stress + warping stress
load stress + frictional stress
expansion joints
contraction joints
warping joints
longitudinal joints
2.5 m
3.5 m
4.5 m
5.5m
0
25 mm
50 mm
100 mm