equal to 1

less than 1

greater than 1

zero

load stress + warping stress frictional stress

load stress + warping stress + frictional stress

load stress + warping stress

load stress + frictional stress

expansion joints

contraction joints

warping joints

longitudinal joints

2.5 m

3.5 m

4.5 m

5.5m

0

25 mm

50 mm

100 mm