to transport water downstream without eddies

to convert the kinetic energy to flow energy by a gradual expansion of the flow cross-section

for safety of turbine

to increase flow rate

lift and resultant force

drag and resultant force

lift and tangential force

lift and drag

medium head application from 24 to 180 m

low head installation up to 30 m

high head installation above 180 m

all types of heads

increases with increase in pressure

decreases with increase in pressure

more or less remains constant with in-crease in pressure

unpredictable

at the level of tail race

little above the tail race

slightly below the tail race

about 2.5 m above the tail race to avoid cavitation