lift and resultant force

drag and resultant force

lift and tangential force

lift and drag

medium head application from 24 to 180 m

low head installation up to 30 m

high head installation above 180 m

all types of heads

increases with increase in pressure

decreases with increase in pressure

more or less remains constant with in-crease in pressure

unpredictable

at the level of tail race

little above the tail race

slightly below the tail race

about 2.5 m above the tail race to avoid cavitation

Impulse turbines

Reaction turbines

Axial flow turbines

Mixed flow turbines