by time study
from previous production records
from one′s judgement
all of the above
assembly industry
process industry
job order industry
mass production industry
optimum utilisation of men, machines and materials
lowest possible cost and shortest possible time for project
timely execution of project
to produce best results under given constraints
break-even analysis
value analysis
linear programming
queing theory
both direct and indirect costs, increase
indirect costs increase and direct costs decrease
direct costs increase and indirect costs decrease
cost is no criterion