by time study

from previous production records

from one′s judgement

all of the above

assembly industry

process industry

job order industry

mass production industry

optimum utilisation of men, machines and materials

lowest possible cost and shortest possible time for project

timely execution of project

to produce best results under given constraints

break-even analysis

value analysis

linear programming

queing theory

both direct and indirect costs, increase

indirect costs increase and direct costs decrease

direct costs increase and indirect costs decrease

cost is no criterion