1 mm

5 mm

10 mm

30 mm

p = Txr

p = T/r

p = T/2r

p = 2T/r

cohesion pressure is negligible

cohesion pressure is decreased

cohesion pressure is increased

there is no cohesion pressure

2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient

6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient

10.0 m above the hydraulic gradient

5.0 above the hydraulic gradient

at the inlet

at the outlet

at the summit

ay nay point between inlet and outlet