Insufficient root gap

Welding current too high

Wrong angle of electrode

Use of a very short arc length

Porosity

Under cut

Lack of fusion

Lack of penetration

Cause to over lap

Cause to back fire

Cause to porosity

Cause to flame snape out

Crater at end

Weld porosity

Lack of root penetration

Under cut in weld joints

Peening

Cooling in oil

Cooling in sand

Heating up to 9500 to 11000C and quenched in water