Hardening

Tempering

Quenching

Normalising

By using clamps during welding process

Similar to arc welding mild steel plate

Local preheating, leftward welding technique flame heating each layer

Cracks repaired using appropriate electrode

By annealing

By hardening

By tempering

By normalising

Damp electrodes

Carbon electrodes

Over size electrodes

Low hydrogen electrodes

Undercut

Blow holes

Reinforcementc

Lack of penetration