Groove angle

Welding position

Diameter of pipe

Pipe wall thickness

Ferrous

Non - ferrous

Alloy type of ferrous metals

Alloy type of non - ferrous metals

Annealing

Hardening

Tempering

Quenching

To control hardness

To prevent cracking

To make welding operation easier

To produce fine grain of uniform structure

To over some under cut

To control distortion

To get good penetration

Gap get closed due to expansion