Polarity test

Insulation resistance test

Earth electrode resistance test

Earth conductor continuity test

Open circuit in the neutral line

Short circuit between conductors

High value series resistance fault

Open circuit in the earth conductor

Substations

Godown wiring

Domestic wiring

Commercial wiring

Earthing through impedance

Providing by plate earthing

Increasing conductor size

Providing parallel earthing

Converts A.C. into D.C

Reverses the polarity of D.C

Changes D.C. supply into A.C supply

Reverses the direction of rotation of the generator