rotating magnetic field past stationary coils

relative motion between the field and the armature coils

converting electrical energy into mechanical energy

rotating the coils around a magnetic field

long shunt

short shunt

differential compound

cumulative compound

MNA (magnetic neutral axis)

GNA (geometric neutral axis)

perpendicular to MNA

perpendicular to GNA

reactance voltage generated as a consequence of commutation

cross-magnetising the effect of armature reaction

demagnetising effect of armature reaction

all the above

rate of change of flux is minimum

rate of change of flux is maximum

flux linked with conductors is maximum

flux linked with conductors is minimum