keeping the cell in discharged condition for long period

the short circuiting between the plates

over charging and discharging

the over load to the battery

To reduce the buckling

To reduce internal resistance

To avoid internal short circuit

To reduce the sulphation

Sulphation

Buckling

Local action

Partial short

Size of the plates

Number of plates

Terminal voltage

Strength of the electrolyte

constant current charge

trickle charge

constant voltage charge

rectifier charge