Each element is associated with with a characteristic spectrum of radiation

alpha particles used in Geiger-Marsden experiment were obtained from Bi²¹⁴?Radioactive source

In Geiger-Marsden experiment very small deflection of the beam was expected because positive charge and the negative electrons are distributed through the whole atom reducing electric field inside the atom

In classical electromagnetic theory, atoms and molecules are considered to contain electrical charges (i.e. electrons, ions) which are regarded as oscillating about positions of equilibrium, each with its appropriate natural frequency, v_o . When placed in a radiation field of frequency v , each oscillator in the atom or molecule is set into forced vibration with the same frequency as that of the radiation. The amplitude of the forced vibration is small, but as v approaches v_o , the amplitude of the forced vibration increases rapidly. To account for the absorption of energy from the radiation field, it is necessary to assume that the oscillator in the atom or molecule must overcome some frictional force proportional to its velocity during its forced motion. For small amplitudes of forced oscillation, the frictional force, and therefore the absorption of energy, is negligible. Near resonance , the amplitude of oscillation becomes large, with a correspondingly large absorption of energy to overcome the frictional force. Therefore, the radiation of frequencies near the natural frequency of the oscillator corresponds to an absorption band.