People who want a job but do not have one

Family or home carers

Students with no employment.

Students with no employment.

The unemployment rate for people aged 50+ is lower than the rate for people aged 16-24.

The unemployment rate tends to vary across ethnic groups

The unemployment rate for males is lower than the rate for females

The unemployment rate for people in the East of England is lower than the rate for people in the North East of England.

A cut in the benefits available to unemployed people

An increase in the school leaving age to 17

An increased in consumer demand for meals out

Much tighter regulations for the UK financial services industry

Efficiency wages.

Successful trade union action to force up wages

Hysteresis

A minimum wage law

Demand shocks are always very small.

Real wages are highly flexible

Governments always act too late

Economies never displayed demand-deficient unemployment