1 and 2 and 3

1 and 2 only

1 and 3 only

2 and 3 only

Investing in pension schemes may be regarded as a merit good because many people underestimate the need to save for retirement.

Controlled substances may be seen as demerit goods because people may become addicted to them, despite the damage to their health

If healthcare was provided by private suppliers, and people financed it by taking out private insurance, then unhealthy people might end up facing the highest premiums

It is fair for students to meet the full cost of higher education, because they get all the benefits

The median voter theorem states that competing parties select their policies on any issue to meet the preferences of the median voter on that issue.

It is rational for voters to be ignorant

Bureaucrats may push for government spending at levels above the efficient level

Rent-seekers may push for government spending at levels below the efficient level.

The market demand curve represents the individual demand curves of all firms which hire this type of labour added together

The market demand curve may shift if there is a change in the behaviour of some firms which hire this type of labour.

The market demand curve may shift if there is change in the wage rate for this type of labour

The market demand curve may shift if there is a change in the number of firms which hire this type of labour.

Both X and Y.

X only

Y only.

Neither X nor Y