cold working

shot peening

grinding and lapping surface

hot working

cold working

shot peening

surface decarburisation

under-stressing

metal strength by cycling

metal hardness by surface treatment

metal resistance to corrosion by coating

fatigue limit by overstressing the metal by successively increasing loadings

very serious in brittle materials and less serious in ductile materials

very serious in ductile materials and less serious in brittle materials

equally serious in both types of materials

seriousness would depend on other factors

10°

20°

30°

45°