piston ring and cylinder wear

formation of hard coating on piston skirts

oil sludge in the engine crank case

detonation

using additives in the fuel

engine derating i.e. reducing the maxi-mum flow of fuel

increasing the compression ratio

adherence to proper fuel specification

higher

lower

remain unaffected

unpredictable

supercharging reduces knocking in diesel engines

there can be limited supercharging in petrol engines because of detonation

supercharging at high altitudes is essential

supercharging results in fuel economy

equal to stroke volume

equal to stroke volume and clearance volume

less than stroke volume

more than stroke volume