refine grain structure

reduce segregation in casting

improve mechanical properties

induce stresses-

promotes decarburisation

provides high hot hardness

forms very hard carbides and thus in-creases wear resistance

promotes retention of austenite

in which atoms align themselves in a geometric pattern upon solidification

in which there is no definite atomic structure and atoms exist in a random pattern just as in a liquid

which is not attacked by phosphorous

which emits fumes on melting

point defect

line defect

plane defect

volumetric defect

zinc

lead

silver

glass