initial tension

external load applied

sum of the initial tension and external load applied

initial tension or external load, whichever is greater

porosity of the metal is largely eliminated

grain structure of the metal is refined

mechanical properties are improved due of refinement of grains

all of the above

transmits

does not transmit

zero

none of these

shank diameter

length of rivet

type of head

length of tail

along the axis of rotation

parallel to the axis of rotation

perpendicular to the axis of rotation

in any direction