cast iron

wrought iron

mild steel

aluminium

transmission of power

locking devices

lifting and transporting heavy machines

absorbing shocks and vibrations

static load

dynamic load

static as well as dynamic load

completely reversed load

when the maximum shear stress in a bi-axial stress system reaches the shear stress at elastic limit in a simple tension test

when the maximum principal stress in a bi-axial stress system reaches the elastic limit of the material in a simple tension test

when the strain energy per unit volume in a bi-axial stress system reaches the strain energy at the elastic limit per unit volume as determined from a simple tension test

when the maximum principal strain in a bi-axial stress system reaches the strain at the elastic limit as determined from a simple tension test

pitch circle to the top of a tooth

pitch circle to the bottom of a tooth

top of a tooth to the bottom of a tooth

addendum circle to the clearance circle