Work sampling is the statistical technique used for determining the proportion of time spent by workers in various defined categories of activity (e.g. setting up a machine, assembling two parts, idle…etc.).

It is as important as all other statistical techniques because it permits quick analysis, recognition, and enhancement of job responsibilities, tasks, performance competencies, and organizational workflows. Other names used for it are 'activity sampling', 'occurrence sampling', and 'ratio delay study'.

Work sampling is applied for
- Estimation of the percentage utilization of machine tools.
- Estimating the percentage of the time consumed by various job activities.
- Finding out time standards, specially where the job is not repetitive and where time study by stop watch method.

Line organisation is the simplest and the oldest type of organisation. It is also known as scalar organisation or military type of organisation.

line organization. Business or industry structure with self-contained departments.
Authority travels downwards from top and accountability upwards from the bottom along the chain of command, and each department manager has control over his or her department's affairs and employees.

F. W. Taylor introduced a system of organisation known as functional organisation.
A functional organization is a common type of organizational structure in which the organization is divided into smaller groups based on specialized functional areas, such as IT, finance, or marketing.