elastic properties of the pipe material

elastic properties of the liquid flowing through the pipe

speed at which the valve is closed

all of the above

plus

minus

zero

none of these

remain unaffected

increases

decreases

none of these

steady

streamline

turbulent

unsteady

0.3 to 0.45

0.50 to 0.75

0.75 to 0.95

0.95 to 1.0