the compiler normally binds symbolic addresses (variables) to relocatable addresses

the compiler normally binds symbolic addresses to physical address

the loader binds relocatable addresses to physical addresses

binding of symbolic addresses to physical addresses normally takes place during execution

0.10%

1.00%

2.50%

0.01%

special support from hardware is essential

special support from operating system is essential

special support from both hardware and operating system are essential

user programs can implement dynamic loading without any special support from the operating system or the hardware

are very common in current operating systems

are very efficient in memory utilization

are very inefficient in memory utilization

are most used on large mainframe operating systems