message is copied

four bits in the packet are changed

message is taken of the ring and replaced by the token

both message is copied and four bits in the packet are changed

Transmission and receipt of data

Checking of line voltages

Addition and subtraction of headers

Collision detection

100 Base-TX

100 Base-FX

100 Base - T4

100 Base - T1

polar encoding

differential manchester encoding

manchester encoding

NRZ

NIC

MAU

Nine-pin connector

Transceiver