used to transfer user data from layer to layer

used to exchange information by peer entities at different sites on the network to instruct an entity to perform a service function

a combination of service data unit (SDU) and protocol control information (PCI)

a temporary parameter passed between N and N - 1 layers to involve service functions between two layers

physical layer

data link layer

network layer

both (a) and (b)

M / (n x M) bytes

h x n x M bytes

(n x h) / M bytes

M / (n x m)

2216.8 sec

2816.8 sec

3216.8 sec

3416.8 sec

24 Mbps

36 Mbps

40 Mbps

48 Mbps