increasing the depth

providing shear reinforcement

using high strength steel

using thinner bars but more in number

3.0 m and 1.5 m

1.5 m and 3.0 m

3.0 m and 3.0 m

1.5 m and 1.5 m

is always less than 1

is always greater than 1

can be more than 1

can be less than 1

about 0.1 N/mm2

zero

0.3 N/mm2 to 0.7 N/mm2

about 1.0 N/mm2

0.15% to 2%

0.8% to 4%

0.8% to 6%

0.8% to 8%