less than 1

between 1 and 1.5

between 1.5 and 2.0

greater than 2

higher compressive strength of con-crete

lower compressive strength of concrete

higher tensile strength of steel

lower tensile strength of steel

increased by 10% for bars in compression

increased by 25% for bars in compression

decreased by 10% for bars in compression

decreased by 25% for bars in compression

10%

20%

30%

40%

compressive stress

shear stress

bond stress

tensile stress