there is no horizontal tie beam

there is a horizontal tie at the feet of rafters only

there is a horizontal tie at almost the middle of rafters only

there are two horizontal ties, one at the feet and other at the middle of the rafters

to support the frame work of the roof

to receive the ends of principal rafter

to prevent the walls from spreading outward

to prevent the tie beam from sagging at its centre

to support the common rafter

to support purlins

to prevent the purlins from tilting

all of the above

the underside of a stair

outer projecting edge of a tread

a sloping member which supports the steps in a stair

a vertical member between two treads

balusters

newal posts

balustrades

railings