it is unsuitable for turbid and acidic water

huge amount of precipitate is formed which creates a disposal problem

the effluent cannot be reduced to zero hardness

it is unsuitable for softening the water of excessive hardness

sodium sulphate

copper sulphate

sodium chloride

calcium chloride

disinfection

removing hardness

removing odours

removing corrosiveness

heavier

stronger

costlier

less susceptible to corrosion

dead end system

grid iron system

radial system

ring system